All lessons

Understand crypto before trading

1What is crypto trading? 2Blockchains, ledgers and consensus 3Bitcoin, Ethereum, coins and tokens 4Build a safe practice plan

Wallets and personal security

5Wallets, keys and custody 6Recovery phrases and backups 7Networks, addresses and transfers 8Phishing, approvals and scams

Understand the trading venue

9Centralized and decentralized venues 10Pairs, order books and spreads 11Spot orders and execution 12Fees, slippage and liquidity

Risk before returns

13Size a spot position 14Portfolio concentration and correlations 15Drawdown, R multiples and expectancy 16Stablecoins and counterparty risk

Read crypto market structure

17Candles and an around-the-clock market 18Trends, ranges and price levels 19Breakouts, volume and confirmation 20Indicators and volatility

Apply chart frameworks to crypto

21Dow-style structure: what would change your view? 22Wyckoff in spot crypto: read the range carefully 23Elliott counts: keep an alternative on the page 24Liquidity sweeps: separate the wick from the story 25FVG and OTE: transfer the rules, not the promises

Understand asset economics

26Supply, market cap and FDV 27Token unlocks and distribution 28Network activity and on-chain data 29Research a project critically

Understand derivatives before considering them

30Spot, futures and perpetual contracts 31Funding, basis and mark price 32Margin, leverage and liquidation 33Open interest and liquidation data

Derivatives through paper examples

34Linear perpetual P&L: calculate the money, not the excitement 35Collateral and liquidation: a deliberately simplified worksheet 36Funding carry: count what you keep 37Dated futures: follow both sides of the hedge 38Calls and puts: payoff is not profit

Explore DeFi with caution

39Smart contracts and applications 40AMM pools and price impact 41Liquidity provision and changing asset value 42Staking, lending and bridges

Understand ecosystem risks

43Constant-product AMMs: calculate the moving price 44LP divergence loss: choose the right comparison 45Reorgs, bridges and L2s: what is actually final? 46MEV and arbitrage: subtract the competition 47DEX approvals: inspect before you sign

Build and test market hypotheses

48Market context and catalysts 49Write a setup rulebook 50Profiles, order flow and SMC limits 51Backtest crypto data honestly

Research, allocation and review

52Token vesting: size the unlock, then ask why 53On-chain metrics: count activity, not stories 54Stablecoin depeg: map access, not just reserves 55Rebalancing: weights change even when you do nothing 56Advanced crypto capstone: defend the whole plan

Practice, review and stay informed

57Paper trade and keep a journal 58FOMO and decision routines 59Records, local rules and changing information 60Capstone: research and risk plan

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AMM pools and price impact

3 min read

Buying from a pool changes the pool. Let’s follow the reserves instead of imagining one unlimited fixed price.

Here is what we will figure out

Explain a constant-product swap with an original calculation.

An automated market maker can hold reserves of two assets and quote swaps through a rule. In a simplified full-range constant-product pool, x multiplied by y stays equal to k before considering fees. Buying one asset changes both reserves and the next marginal price.

Price impact comes from your trade moving along that curve. It differs from later market movement or an execution quote changing before confirmation. A larger trade relative to reserves generally moves the average execution price more under this simple model.

Real pools may use concentrated liquidity, different curves, hooks or fee arrangements. Network fees pay for transaction execution; swap fees are part of the pool's trade economics. This model teaches one mechanism, not a universal description of every decentralized exchange.

Let’s use numbers · hypothetical example

Hypothetical, ignoring fees: reserves are 10 X and 1,000 Y, so k = 10,000. Add 100 Y; new X = 10,000/1,100 = 9.0909. You receive about 0.9091 X, averaging 110 Y per X rather than the initial marginal 100.

Keep in mind

A quote can change before execution; setting tolerance does not remove contract or adverse-execution risk.

Your turn

Repeat with 10 Y added and compare average price impact, keeping the same starting reserves.

A quick check before we move on

Why does a large swap get a different average price?

It changes the pool's reserve ratio
The token guarantees a premium
The network fee fixes price

Check answer

It changes the pool's reserve ratio The curve updates pricing as reserves change during the swap.

Sources and further reading

Content reviewed: 29 October 2026